Dia’s Journey: A Story of Survival and Resistance of the Hmong People

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    Dia’s Journey: A Story of Survival and Resistance of the Hmong People

    "Children as young as 8-years-old would participate in story cloth making."

    Author: Sheng Vang
    Grade: 2

    Suggested Amount ofTime: 60 Minutes
    Area of Study: Hmong Refugee Experiences

    Compelling Question
    • How do Hmong communities experience displacement, refugee camps, and resettlement?

    Lesson Questions
    • How did the Hmong people get to the United States?
    • Why did the Hmong people relocate into the United States?
    • What ways did the Hmong people protect and preserve their culture and migration stories?
    • How do challenges and triumphs shape who we become on our journey through life?
    Lesson Objective

    Students will trace a Hmong individual’s recollection of her family's migration story to the United States from Laos and intersecting identities as a daughter, refugee, American, storyteller, and cultural historian. The complicated history of war and displacement is able to be seen and discussed with students using the powerful cultural artifacts of the Hmong story cloths.

    Lesson Background

    An extended history of Hmong cultural history traces a people’s migration from China to Burma, Thailand, Laos, and eventually the US and other countries. Students should have some knowledge of continents and Southeast Asian countries as well as working conceptions of culture, ethnicity, and power. There should be a brief introduction of who the Hmong people are. After reading about Dia’s journey to the United States, students will be able to trace their own family’s story.

    This lesson contains content that may be sensitive for some students. Teachers should exercise discretion in evaluating whether the resources are suitable for their class and provide a content warning to their students at the beginning of the lesson.

    Image Citation: Hagen, E. (n.d.). Family affair [Photograph]. Erica Hagen Collection, Hmongstory Legacy, Fresno, CA.

    Historical Thinking Skill

    This lesson will facilitate student proficiency in evidence, one of Seixas’ historical thinking skills (Seixas & Morton, 2013). To help students see the crucial role traces play in the construction of history. Students consider that history is interpretation based on inferences made from primary sources. Primary sources can be accounts, but they can also be traces, relics, or records; in this case a children’s book. 

    Ethnic Studies Theme

    This lesson connects to the ethnic studies theme of identity from the Asian American Studies Curriculum Framework (Asian American Research Initiative, 2022). Students will explore their own identities, as well as the ways that society engages in stereotyping and discrimination. Students consider multiple aspects of how family and culture shape perceived and experienced identity. Educators may enhance this lesson by incorporating a deeper examination of Intersectionality and its relationship to power and oppressions.  

    For additional guidance around ethnic studies implementation, refer to the Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum (2021)  https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/esmc.asp.

    Supplies
    • Access to laptop device
    • Board/chart paper & Markers
    • Globe or World Map
    • Blank world map
    • Additional materials will depend on student’s choice of assessment (Video, Artwork, Written, or Oral product)
    Reading
    • Dia’s Story Cloth: The Hmong People’s Journey of Freedom (link to entire book can found in procedures)

    Welcome Ritual:

    • Land Acknowledgement - Introduction
      • Looking at the Indigenous Land map, acknowledge the Indigenous land(s) in which your learning community is situated using this resource https://native-land.ca/
      • Connecting the Land Acknowledgement with the current lesson, teachers can provide a discussion on how Land is integral to culture and language. 
        • Ask questions like this: 
          • How do you think people being forced from their homeland impact people, their culture, and their language?

    Teachers can access the lesson content slidedeck and entire book here:  https://ucdavis.box.com/s/d2pe7drzz9ydycxyfecvujqb20qqjcdq

     

    Engage:  

    • To start the lesson, open the book to the center pages (9–10) to reveal the full story cloth from Dia’s Story Cloth
    • Let students know that they will be hearing a story about a Hmong girl who embarks on a journey to the United States.
    • Ask students to share what they see in the story cloth with a classmate, and then ask them to share it with the whole class. Write down student observations on the board/chart paper. 
    • Ask students to guess where this story takes place? As students share out, encourage them to offer a reason why they guessed certain locations. Write student guesses on the board as well. 
    • Finally, prompt students to share any questions they have after looking at the pages depicting the entire story cloth with a partner.
    • Then call on a few students to share with the whole class one or two questions their partner had. Write these down on the board as well.
    • Note: This story explores scenes of war and violence. Teachers should be mindful of students’ potentially lived experiences with the subject matter that may be triggering.

     

    Explore: 

    • Frontload students with the following vocabulary words. (If time permits, go over unfamiliar terms, and have students define them/define them together as a class).

      Story Vocabulary: 

      Thatched                             Warfare                                      Loyalist

      Communist                         Refugee                                      Detained 

      Government                        Crops                                          Province

      Guerilla                                Determined                                Qualified 

      Political                                Sponsors                                     Anthropologists

    • Begin reading Dia’s Story Cloth. Pause periodically to informally check for understanding.
    • Have students keep in mind these questions. The questions can be answered independently on student notes, or co-constructed as a class.
      • Who is the story about?
      • What did you learn about Dia and her family?
      • Where did Dia’s journey start and end?
      • How would you describe Dia’s journey? What makes you say that? 
        • What were some of the difficult parts of Dia’s journey?
        • What were some of the positive parts of Dia’s Journey?
        • Why and how did Dia’s family move to the United States?
      • What are your thoughts/feelings on Dia’s life and journey?

     

    Explain:  

    • After reading, ask and write down students’ answers to the questions above.  Then focus on the question, ‘Where did Dia’s journey start and end?’ Have students trace Dia’s journey using names of places where they were. Write down their responses. Then, ask them to put them in chronological order.
      • Laos (tropical highlands)
      • Thailand (refugee camps)
      • United States
    • Take out the globe or world map and have students identify where each of these countries are located on the globe/world map.

     

    Elaborate:  

    • Hand out the blank world map to each student. Have students label the three countries then have them draw arrows in the chronological order of Dia’s journey. Ask students to reflect on the different mapping activities (geographic and narrative). In pairs or in small groups have students discuss the following questions: 
      • What does the map tell us about Dia’s Journey?
      • What does the story cloth tell us about Dia’s Journey?
      • How are they similar or different? 
      • Which one (mapping artifact - the map or story cloth) helps you understand her journey better? Why?
      • What other questions might these artifacts help us answer OR ask?

     

    Evaluate:  

    • For the assessment, have students interview and map out their families journey to their current hometown of residence. They should be able to answer how their families got there, and why they moved there. They can turn in their assignments via video format, artwork display, written product, or oral product.
    • Alternatively, students can conduct a migration story project where they watch a video about someone’s experience and then create a written, visual, or audio summary based on this conversation. 

    Students will create a product detailing their family’s journey to their hometown through their choice of a video, artwork, written, or oral presentation. Alternatively, students can conduct a migration story project where they watch a video about someone’s experience and then create a written, visual, or audio summary based on this conversation. 

    • Engagement: Consider the following method to support with lesson engagement:
      • Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions and supports (e.g., peer-tutors)

     

    • Representation: Consider the following method to support with multiple means of representation:
      • Pre-teach vocabulary and symbols, especially in ways that promote connection to the learners’ experience and prior knowledge

     

    • Action and Expression: Consider the following method to support in presenting their learning in multiple ways:
      • Embed prompts to “show and explain your work” (e.g., portfolio review, art critiques)

     

    For additional ideas to support your students, check out the UDL Guidelines at CAST (2018)  http://udlguidelines.cast.org.

    • Emerging: Consider the following method to support with emerging students:
      • Speaking: Provide wall charts with illustrated academic vocabulary 
        • Students use a Frayer graphic organizer to support understanding of a key word or concept. Place the target word in the center amid four surrounding quadrants to support different facets of word meaning.

     

    • Expanding: Consider the following method to support with expanding students:
      • Speaking: Provide graphic organizers or notes to scaffold oral retelling 

     

    • Bridging: Consider the following method to support with bridging students:
      • Speaking: Structure conversations requiring various points of view with graphic organizers 
        • In partner and group discussions, students use conversation moves to extend academic talk. Conversation moves help students add to or challenge what a partner says, question, clarify, paraphrase, support thinking with examples, synthesize conversation points, etc.

     

    For additional guidance around scaffolding for multilingual learners, please consult the following resources:

    1. Bring in a Hmong guest, such as author Dr. Dia Cha, to share their personal stories and journey.

     

    1. Students can research more about the Hmong people and the Vietnam War using other Hmong children’s books, such as The Hmong Journey by Ger Thao or titles from Hmong Educational Resources https://herpublisher.com/.

    Asian American Initiative. 2022. Asian American Studies K-12 Frameworkhttps://asianamericanresearchinitiative.org/asian-american-studies-curriculum-framework/ 

    Britt, K. 2020c, May 11. English learner toolkit of strategies. California County Superintendents.  https://cacountysupts.org/english-learner-toolkit-of-strategies/

    California Department of Education. 2021. Ethnic studies model curriculumhttps://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/esmc.asp 

    California Department of Education & English Learner Support Division. 2012. California English Language Development standards (Electronic Edition) kindergarten through grade 12 (F. Ong & J. McLean, Eds.). California Department of Education. https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/er/documents/eldstndspublication14.pdf

    California Educators Together. (n.d.). ELA / ELD framework. https://www.caeducatorstogether.org/resources/6537/ela-eld-framework

    CAST. 2018. The UDL guidelines. http://udlguidelines.cast.org

    Cha, D. 1996. Dia’s Story Cloth: The Hmong People’s Journey of Freedom (C.Thao-Cha, Illus. and N. Thao-Cha, Illus.). Lee & Low Books.

    San Diego County Office of Education. (n.d.). Providing appropriate scaffoldinghttps://www.sdcoe.net/educators/multilingual-education-and-global-achievement/oracy-toolkit/providing-appropriate-scaffolding#scaffolding

    Sexias, P. & Morton, T. 2013. The big six: Historical thinking concepts. Nelson Education.

    Tulare County Office of Education. (n.d.). Strategies for ELD. https://commoncore.tcoe.org/Content/Public/doc/Alpha-CollectionofELDStrategies.pdf 

    Supplementary Source

    Thao, G. 2018. The Hmong journey: Hmoob txoj kev taug. Saint Paul, MN: Hmong Educational Resources Publisher. 

    Model Curriculum

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