Overview
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Crossing into Thailand: Secret War & HMoob Refugee Narrative
Author: Thong Vang
Grades: 11-12
Suggested Amount of Time: 120 Minutes
Area of Study: Hmong Refugee Experiences
Compelling Question
- How do Hmong communities experience displacement, refugee camps, and resettlement?
Lesson Questions
- How might we engage students in understanding the HMoob refugee experience?
- Who are the HMoob refugees from Laos?
- What are the methods that HMoob people used to leave Laos into Thailand?
- What does refugee experiences teach us about resilience and agency?
Lesson Objective
The primary objective of this lesson is to shed light on the challenges HMoob families face as they journey to Thailand while highlighting the variations in their migration patterns. Through this teaching, students will comprehend the disparities between migration accounts found in narratives and those derived from personal experiences of their own families or relatives.
Lesson Background
The prominent narrative of HMoob refugee experience from Laos into Thailand was that they journeyed through the jungle of Laos and entered the border of Thailand through various points along the Mekong River. What has not been focused upon are the different ways HMoob refugees trek through Laos (either through the main roads or the jungle) and methods used to cross the Mekong River (e.g., boats and bamboo). This lesson extends to HMoob and non-HMoob youth about the Refugee Experience of HMoob families in the United States. This lesson also only focuses on the migration patterns of HMoob families from the 1960s to the 1990s and related to the aftermath of the Secret War in Laos and those who made their way across the Mekong River.
By exploring the complexity of these migration stories, students will develop a more empathetic and nuanced understanding of the diverse struggles and journeys that families undergo when seeking a better life in a new land. This lesson seeks to foster an appreciation for the richness and uniqueness of each migration experience while encouraging students to relate these experiences to their own familial histories, promoting a broader cultural awareness and sensitivity.
Note: The use of “HMoob'' in this lesson is intentional to be inclusive of the diverse identities and perspectives of the Hmong community.
This lesson contains content that may be sensitive for some students. Teachers should exercise discretion in evaluating whether the resources are suitable for their class and provide a content warning to their students at the beginning of the lesson.
Image Citation: Hagen, E. (1981). Vinai Market 1981 [Photograph]. Erica Hagen Vinai Photos Collection, Hmongstory Legacy, Fresno, CA.
Skills
Historical Thinking Skill
This lesson will facilitate student proficiency in evidence, one of Seixas’ historical thinking skills (Seixas & Morton, 2013). To encourage students to observe closely and make inferences. Students consider how inferences made from a source can never stand alone. They should always be corroborated-checked against other sources (primary or secondary); in this case using story cloths and refugee narratives.
Ethnic Studies Theme
This lesson connects to the ethnic studies theme of reclamation and joy from the Asian American Studies Curriculum Framework (Asian American Research Initiative, 2022). Students explore the ways that communities reclaim histories through art, cultural expression, and counternarratives. Students explore narratives of struggles, resilience, and hopes through the art of paj ntaub story cloths.
For additional guidance around ethnic studies implementation, refer to the Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum (2021) https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/esmc.asp.
Materials
Supplies
- Access to laptop device
- Image of Story Cloth Thailand Camp (found in procedures)
- Big poster paper
- Cloth & fabric markers
- Interview recording device
Reading
- The Day We Knew It Wasn’t Safe To Stay: My Story of The Shooting at Hien Huep Bridge article
Video
- Hmong Story Legacy Story Cloth Animation (MP4 video)
- “Unforgotten: An intergenerational project with Hmong Veterans” from Hmong Museum
Procedures
Day 1
- Land Acknowledgement - Introduction
- Looking at the Indigenous Land map, acknowledge the Indigenous land(s) in which your learning community is situated using this resource https://native-land.ca/.
- Connecting the Land Acknowledgement with the current lesson, teachers can provide a discussion on how Land is integral to culture and language.
- Ask questions like this:
- How do you think people being forced from their homeland impact people, their culture, and their language?
- Ask questions like this:
- HMoob Story Cloth - Activity 1
- See/Think/Wonder
- Display the “Story Cloth Cross Mekong” image https://ucdavis.box.com/s/kixrjqtb3tkvfk4g1ij4r43xe358jgp4 (Story Cloth telling the story of Hmong crossing the Mekong and life in the Thailand Refugee Camps from Hmongstory Legacy Collection) and “Hmong Story Legacy Story Cloth Animation” video (2:00 minutes) https://ucdavis.box.com/s/70d5b31voynqxd5ubln2nne6k1kachqj (Story Cloths Images depicting Life in War in Laos, fleeing Laos, life in Thailand refugee camp and immigrating to America. Custom animation by the Hmongstory Legacy Team).
- Show students the HMoob story cloth - allow students to view the photo up close
- Ask students to share out loud what they SEE
- Ask students to share out loud what they THINK
- Ask students to share out loud what they WONDER
- Prompt students with questions like these:
- What do you think is happening?
- Who are these people? How do you know?
- Where are they going? And why?
- Write down student’s responses
- Record student responses on three different big poster papers
- See/Think/Wonder
- Refugee Narratives - Activity 2
- Start the second activity with the following questions:
- "What stories or experiences can you share about the Hmong history?," "How did your family get to the US?," and "What countries did they come from?"
- Print the “The Day We Knew It Wasn’t Safe To Stay: My Story of The Shooting at Hien Huep Bridge.” (https://ucdavis.box.com/s/j2d3tvmsnw46pwml5hczbs3sr5b7ovk6) for students to read. (Context: Hmongstory 40 Museum Exhibit Panel: Nenick Vu writes about the first hand experience of his mother Kaying Vang's journey out of Laos traveling with Hmong refugees after May 1975 and her eyewitness account of the shooting massacre at Hin Heup bridge.)
- Place students into groups of three.
- Allow time for students to make notes on their learning and discovery.
- Students will discuss this story in their small groups.
- Allow students to go back and observe the HMoob story cloth again.
- Have them share with their group what they have observed.
- What does the story cloth depict about migration patterns ?
- What story did the one in the narrative show?
- Do students see any connections in the story cloth to their own experiences?
- Have them share with their group what they have observed.
- In a large group discussion, each group shares what they read and their observations of the HMoob story cloth and the narratives they read about.
- Prompt question: What are the differences between the story from the magazine and the story cloth?
- Start the second activity with the following questions:
- Knowing your own migration/refugee narratives - Take home
- For a take-home assignment, students will be asked to go back home and learn about their own family migration/refugee stories.
- Students are asked to record/document their narratives and come back the following day to share their narratives with their small group.
- Teachers should be mindful of various family dynamics, and provide exceptions for students, allowing them to learn about family migration/refugee stories also from a community member or friend.
- For a take-home assignment, students will be asked to go back home and learn about their own family migration/refugee stories.
Day 2
- Cultural Production / Lesson Assessment
- Option 1: Have students create a drawn story cloth of their family migration onto a piece of cloth.
- Students can draw using fabric markers.
- Bring up how HMoob story cloth depicts stories without using writing.
- Have students share their family migration story cloth with the class.
- Option 2: Students can conduct a mini interview and apply excerpts from the recorded discussion to create a podcast.
- Students can choose to create a written, visual, or audio summary based on this conversation.
- Teachers can access guide to teaching podcasting from NPR https://www.npr.org/2018/11/15/662116901/teaching-podcaSting-a-curriculum-guide-for-educators.
- `Alternatively, students can conduct a migration story project where they watch a video about someone’s experience and then create a written, visual, or audio summary based on this conversation.
- Here’s a collection of short films for teachers to preview to have students watch from Hmong Museum: “Unforgotten: An intergenerational project with Hmong Veterans” https://hmongmuseummn.org/collection/unforgotten/.
- Option 1: Have students create a drawn story cloth of their family migration onto a piece of cloth.
- Group Sharing / Closure
- In their small groups, students are encouraged to share their family migration/refugee narratives with their peers.
- Questions/Prompts for small groups:
- How are their narratives different/similar from each other?
- Compare their own narratives with the HMoob refugee narratives.
- Questions/Prompts for small groups:
- In their small groups, students are encouraged to share their family migration/refugee narratives with their peers.
Assessments
Students can choose from the assessment choices below:
- Option 1: Students can create a drawn story cloth of their family migration onto a piece of cloth.
- Option 2: Students can conduct a mini interview and apply excerpts from the recorded discussion to create a podcast.
- Alternatively, students can conduct a migration story project where they watch a video about someone’s experience and then create a written, visual, or audio summary based on this conversation.
Scaffolds
- Engagement: Consider the following method to support with lesson engagement:
- Create cooperative learning groups with clear goals, roles, and responsibilities
- Prompt or require learners to explicitly formulate or restate goal
- Representation: Consider the following method to support with multiple means of representation:
- Provide descriptions (text or spoken) for all images, graphics, video, or animations
- Provide templates, graphic organizers, concept maps to support note-taking
- Action and Expression: Consider the following method to support in presenting their learning in multiple ways:
- Provide alternatives in the requirements for rate, timing, speed, and range of motor action required to interact with instructional materials, physical manipulatives, and technologies
For additional ideas to support your students, check out the UDL Guidelines at CAST (2018) http://udlguidelines.cast.org.
Multilingual Learner Supports
- Emerging: Consider the following method to support with emerging students:
- Speaking: Assign roles in group work
- Teacher deliberately partners specific students for conversations.
- Students assume specific roles to actively engage in, help lead, and contribute to collaborative discussions.
- Speaking: Assign roles in group work
- Expanding: Consider the following method to support with expanding students:
- Speaking: Repeat and expand student responses in a collaborative dialogue
- In partner and group discussions, students use conversation moves to extend academic talk. “Conversation moves” help students add to or challenge what a partner says, question, clarify, paraphrase, support thinking with examples, synthesize conversation points, etc.
- Speaking: Repeat and expand student responses in a collaborative dialogue
- Bridging: Consider the following method to support with bridging students:
- Speaking: Require oral reporting for summarizing group work
For additional guidance around scaffolding for multilingual learners, please consult the following resources:
- English Learner Toolkit of Strategies, https://ucdavis.box.com/s/ujkdc2xp1dqjzrlq55czph50c3sq1ngu
- Providing Appropriate Scaffolding, https://www.sdcoe.net/educators/multilingual-education-and-global-achievement/oracy-toolkit/providing-appropriate-scaffolding#scaffolding
- Strategies for ELD, https://ucdavis.box.com/s/dcp15ymah51uwizpmmt2vys5zr2r5reu
- ELA / ELD Framework, https://www.caeducatorstogether.org/resources/6537/ela-eld-framework
- California ELD Standards, https://ucdavis.box.com/s/vqn43cd632z22p8mfzn2h7pntc71kb02
Enrichment
- Have students draw or write their own family migrations. Students who are not able to connect with their family, can choose a public figure and research about that individual’s migration story.
- When utilizing this lesson to explore questions of migration, instructor can prompt students to question the following:
- Are there other groups of people in the United States who did not migrate here?
- What are the reasons why people migrate to the United States?
- What are other migration patterns of different groups of people in the United States now?
- What drives migration patterns across national borders and how do these movements impact the transmission of ideas, cultures, and goods?
Works Cited
Asian American Initiative. 2022. Asian American Studies K-12 Framework. https://asianamericanresearchinitiative.org/asian-american-studies-curriculum-framework/
Britt, K. 2020c, May 11. English learner toolkit of strategies. California County Superintendents. https://cacountysupts.org/english-learner-toolkit-of-strategies/
California Department of Education. 2021. Ethnic studies model curriculum. https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/esmc.asp
California Department of Education & English Learner Support Division. 2012. California English Language Development standards (Electronic Edition) kindergarten through grade 12 (F. Ong & J. McLean, Eds.). California Department of Education. https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/er/documents/eldstndspublication14.pdf
California Educators Together. (n.d.). ELA / ELD framework. https://www.caeducatorstogether.org/resources/6537/ela-eld-framework
CAST. 2018. The UDL guidelines. http://udlguidelines.cast.org
Hmongstory Legacy. (n.d.). Story Cloth of crossing Mekong [Photograph]. Hmongstory Legacy Collection, Fresno, CA. https://ucdavis.box.com/s/kixrjqtb3tkvfk4g1ij4r43xe358jgp4
Morrison, G. (n.d.). Hmong Story Legacy Story Cloth Animation [Video]. Gayle Morrison Collection / Hmongstory Legacy. https://ucdavis.box.com/s/70d5b31voynqxd5ubln2nne6k1kachqj
San Diego County Office of Education. (n.d.). Providing appropriate scaffolding. https://www.sdcoe.net/educators/multilingual-education-and-global-achievement/oracy-toolkit/providing-appropriate-scaffolding#scaffolding
Sexias, P. & Morton, T. 2013. The big six: Historical thinking concepts. Nelson Education.
Tulare County Office of Education. (n.d.). Strategies for ELD. https://commoncore.tcoe.org/Content/Public/doc/Alpha-CollectionofELDStrategies.pdf
Vu, N. 2015. The day we knew it wasn’t safe to stay: My story of the shooting at Hien Huep Bridge. Hmong Story 40 Project. https://ucdavis.box.com/s/j2d3tvmsnw46pwml5hczbs3sr5b7ovk6
Supplementary Sources
Cha, N. T. 1991. Hmong Story Cloth. Denver Museum of Nature & Science. https://www.dmns.org/science/featured-collections/anthropology/hmong-story-cloth/
Her, V., & Buley-Meissner, M. L. 2019, December 2. The fabric of memory: Story cloth as art and history for Hmong in USA. Garland Magazine. https://garlandmag.com/article/hmong-in-usa/
Hmong Museum. (n.d.). Unforgotten: An intergenerational project with Hmong Veterans. https://hmongmuseummn.org/collection/unforgotten/
LernerPublishing. 2020, June 24. Pronunciation guide for a map into the world [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YQPgTGF7WU&ab_channel=LernerPublishing
mmsdtv. (2020, May 11). Hmong read aloud: A map into the world [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgPEZcfAcY4&ab_channel=mmsdtv
North State Public Radio. 2023, January 6. Teaching podcasting: A curriculum guide for educators. Retrieved November 3, 2023. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/15/662116901/teaching-podcasting-a-curriculum-guide-for-educators.