The Aftermath of the Cambodian Genocide from a Human Rights Perspective

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    The Aftermath of the Cambodian Genocide from a Human Rights Perspective

    High Level Segment of the 49rd regular session of the Human Rights Council

    Author: Sorya Or
    Grade(s): 10

    Suggested Amount of Time: 180 minutes
    Area of Study: Genocide in Cambodia

    Compelling Question

    What were the conditions, development, and lasting effects of the genocide in Cambodia?

    Lesson Question
    • What is the important lesson from the Cambodian Genocide in regards to Human Rights?
    • How have developing nations worked together to identify and attempt to solve human rights violations?
    Lesson Objective
    •  Students will analyze sources to understand the political, social, and economical consequences of the Genocide and how they constitute a human right violation from the UNHRC perspective.

    Lesson Background

     The Cambodian war spanned from 1975 to 1979, with the death of over 1.7 million people. It took over 20 years to finally see the creation of a tribunal in order to bring some justice to the families of the people who were killed. It is through this trial’s process that the world came to understand the gravity of the human rights that were violated. The Cambodian Genocide had ramifications that extend beyond country borders as it had a political, social, and economical impacts. 

    This lesson contains content that may be sensitive for some students. Teachers should exercise discretion in evaluating whether the resources are suitable for their class and provide a content warning to their students at the beginning of the lesson.

    Historical Thinking Skills: This lesson will facilitate student proficiency in cause and consequence one of Seixas’ historical thinking skills (Seixas & Morton, 2013). To help students to understand that there are short-term and long-term consequences of events. To help students understand and assess the varying importance of causes.

    Change is driven by multiple causes, and results in multiple consequences. These create a complex web of interrelated short-term and long-term causes and consequences. Students will consider how the UN framing of human rights impacted justice for genocide survivors.

    Materials:

    Supplies

    • Poster papers 
    • Markers
    • Graphic Organizer (at the end of the lesson)
    • Rubric for Google Slides, podcast, newspaper article (at end of the lesson

    Readings

    • Cambodian Genocide Overview

    Handouts

     This lesson is intended to be used as a PBA (Project Based Assessment) in which students will demonstrate collaboration, communication, and critical thinking skills during and at the end of the project. 

     Day 1

    1. Welcome students and introduce the learning target/objectives for the day. Guide students to complete a warm-up based on the previous class lesson students write or record what they remember from last class. The teacher displays a mood meter or how students feel today as a poll and responds to students needing to share the whole group.
    2. Have students brainstorm in groups at their table: What does genocide mean? Instruct each group to come up with an agreed definition and write it down.
    3. Have a spokesperson from each group read their group definition of genocide. Teacher will write each group definition on the board for the class to examine and evaluate.
    4. On the board, using different colored markers, the teacher will highlight or circle the similarities between definition and the differences.
    5. After noting the differences and similarities between each group definition, the teacher will display the UN definition of Genocide:

    Article II

     In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

    •  Killing members of the group;

    • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

    • Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
    • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
    • Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

    6.  Students will form groups of three to four. Each group will pick a topic (political consequences, geographical consequences, economic consequences, health and social consequences, and cultural consequences) and create a (digital or paper) poster/slide for their topic. If there are more groups than there are topics, two groups could cover the same topic.

    1. The teacher will then have groups read this overview on the Cambodian Genocide. Student with use the University of Minnesota source, https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia to explain one of the following: political consequences, geographical consequences, economic consequences, health and social consequences, or cultural consequences of the Cambodian Genocide. The University of Minnesota provides a good overview for students to read or for the teacher to use as a reference for creating posters/slides.political consequences, geographical consequences, economic consequences, health and social consequences, and cultural consequences) Students are welcome to utilize other sources to complete this task.  Each group should have an answer to the following questions in their poster or slide:
    • What is the important lesson from the Cambodian Genocide in regards to Human Rights?
       
    • How have developing nations worked together to identify and attempt to solve human rights violations?
    1. Teacher will display the following instructions each group must follow:
      1. One member of the group will record the group’s findings. If this is done digitally, advise that each member of the group type in a different colored font to ensure that all students are contributing.
      2. Each group will write at least three ideas from the reading to explain their topic  on their poster or slide. Students will be asked to summarize their analysis.
    2. Once groups are done, display posters around the classroom for a gallery walk. If this is done on slides, make all slide links accessible to the class.
    3. Students will review each slide or poster and  take notes. Sample graphic organizer text is included in the handouts section.
    4. Teachers can choose to grade posters as a formative assessment.
    5. Teachers will circulate among groups to check in with the group, clarify, celebrate, or redirect.
    6. Teacher will debrief the activities with students and introduce the topic of Human Right Violations for students to think about for Day 2.

       
    7. Have students to summarize  what they feel was important about their previous activity (Aftermath of Genocide Gallery Walk).

       
    8. Students will have the choice between the following assessments:
      1. Podcast (interview format)
      2. Newspaper article

        The teacher will display and go over the instructions for the class if clarification is needed.

    Directions:

    1- Select between creating a podcast, visual artwork, or a newspaper article to present your work.

    2-Create a group of three to four people maximum. Designate a specific assignment for each person in your group. You can choose to do this assignment individually.

    Criteria: 

    • Include a title 
    • The final product must discuss two consequences of the Cambodian Genocide and two human rights violations
    • If possible, include visual elements such as icons, pictures, maps
    • Include accurate and relevant information 
    • Create an APA citation page

    3-Once projects are complete, provide time for students to share their assessments with peers.

    Students will select between creating a podcast, visual artwork, or a newspaper article to reflect on two major consequences of the Cambodian Genocide, as well as two human rights violations.

    • Engagement: Consider the following method to support with lesson engagement:
      • Differentiate the degree of difficulty or complexity within which core activities can be completed
      • Provide feedback that emphasizes effort, improvement, and achieving a standard rather than on relative performance
    • Representation: Consider the following method to support with multiple means of representation:
      • Use advanced organizers (e.g., KWL methods, concept maps)
      • Give explicit prompts for each step in a sequential process
    • Action and Expression: Consider the following method to support in presenting their learning in multiple ways:
      • Provide differentiated feedback (e.g., feedback that is accessible because it can be customized to individual learners)
      • Provide guides for breaking long-term goals into reachable short-term objectives

     For additional ideas to support your students, check out the UDL Guidelines at CAST (2018) http://udlguidelines.cast.org

    • Emerging: Consider the following method to support with emerging students:
      • Writing: Provide sentence frames with word and picture banks
        • In response to a prompt, the teacher offers a sentence frame orally and/or in writing to support expression of student thinking. Frames are adjusted based upon specific grammatical structure, key vocabulary, content learning, and language proficiency level descriptors, etc. Frames are a temporary scaffold that require modification.
    • Expanding: Consider the following method to support with expanding students:
      • Writing: Provide writing frames
        • When posing a question for discussion and writing, the teacher offers a coordinated response frame to support the use of particular grammatical structures and vocabulary.
    • Bridging: Consider the following method to support with bridging students:
      • Writing: Hold frequent writing conferences with teacher and peers
        • Teacher works collaboratively with students to scaffold writing before they write independently. Teacher uses students’ understanding of narrative stages, specific vocabulary, and grammatical structures while questioning for precision.

    For additional guidance around scaffolding for multilingual learners, please consult the following resources:

    1. Email or write the UN about the trial of the Khmer rouge responsible for the Genocide
    2. Interview a Cambodian refugee about their experience and their stories. 
    3. Research how the Cambodian diaspora affected Cambodians' resettlement and the process they went through to adapt.
    4. Compare how the events of the Cambodian Genocide are similar and different than other genocides including the Native American Genocide, the Holocaust, the Armenian Genocide, and the Rwandan Genocide.
    5. Invite students to watch a video clip from: https://www.choices.edu/video/studying-genocide-important/

    The Advocates for Human Rights. 2012. Cambodiahttps://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Cambodia 

    Britt, K. 2020c, May 11. English learner toolkit of strategies. California County Superintendents. https://cacountysupts.org/english-learner-toolkit-of-strategies/

    California Department of Education & English Learner Support Division. 2012. California English Language Development standards (Electronic Edition) kindergarten through grade 12 (F. Ong & J. McLean, Eds.). California Department of Education. https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/er/documents/eldstndspublication14.pdf

    California Educators Together. (n.d.). ELA / ELD framework. https://www.caeducatorstogether.org/resources/6537/ela-eld-framework

    Cambodia. (n.d.). College of Liberal Arts. https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia

    CAST. 2018 The UDL guidelines. http://udlguidelines.cast.org 

     

    Gross, M. 2016. Why is studying genocide important?. Brown University Choices Program. https://www.choices.edu/video/studying-genocide-important/ 

    Hannum, H. 1989. International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence. Human Rights Quarterly11(1), 82–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/761936

    Human Rights Watch. 2021. Cambodia. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/asia/cambodia 

    Ly, B. 2019. Traces of Trauma: Cambodian Visual Culture and National Identity in the Aftermath of Genocide. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

    Neou, K., & Gallup, J. C. 1997. Human rights dialogue (1994–2005): Series 1, number 8 (spring 1997): Transitional Justice in East Asia and its impact on human rights: Articles: Human rights and the cambodian past: In defense of peace before justice. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/media/series/dialogue/human-rights-dialogue-1994–2005-series-1-number-8-spring-1997-transitional-justice-in-east-asia-and-its-impact-on-human-rights-articles-human-rights-and-the-cambodian-past-in-defense-of-peace-before-justice 

    San Diego County Office of Education. (n.d.). Providing appropriate scaffoldinghttps://www.sdcoe.net/educators/multilingual-education-and-global-achievement/oracy-toolkit/providing-appropriate-scaffolding#scaffolding

    Sexias, P. & Morton, T. 2013. The big six: Historical thinking concepts. Nelson Education.

    Tulare County Office of Education. (n.d.). Strategies for ELD. https://commoncore.tcoe.org/Content/Public/doc/Alpha-CollectionofELDStrategies.pdf

    Um, K. 2022, July 25. Genocide in Cambodia Through Historical Lenses. Retrieved August 27, 2022. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UCsaWSZ3YVRdLN7gNxyNJGL45Bf_9QLLSWxwTg_S4HU/edit?usp=sharing

    U.S. Department of State. 2021. Cambodia - United States Department of State. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cambodia/ 

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