RI.8.6

The Modoc War and People Today

HSS 8.8, HSS 8.12, RI.8.2, RI.8.3, RI.8.4, RI.8.6, RI.8.9

This unit focuses on the Modoc War, a conflict between a small number of Modoc people and the US military in 1860’s and 1870s. The first lesson gives the background information needed to understand the lead-up to the conflict. The second and third lessons focus on different aspects of the conflict, including events and topography. The fourth lesson, the aftermath. A possible extension activity would be a field trip to the Lava Beds National Monument to see the battle sites and gain a deeper understanding of the natural fortifications the Modoc people used to hold off the military.

Text - "2-Spirit 4-Ever" with two long-hair people facing one another/

Two Spirit: Understanding and Celebrating Identities

Connecting—Anchor Standard 11, 1.VA:RE7.1, 5.VA:RE7.1, 6.VA:RE7.1, 8.VA:RE7.1, W.8.2, W.8.4, W.8.6, W.8.7, W.8.8, RI.8.1, RI.8.2, RI.8.4, RI.8.6, SL.8.2, WL.CL2.N: Cultural Products, Practices, and Perspectives, WL.CL4.A: Intercultural Influences, 7-8.1.8.G, 7-8.2.2.G, 7-8.4.4.G

This four-lesson unit offers middle school students an opportunity to explore the rich history and cultural significance of Two-Spirit identities within Indigenous communities. Students will begin by understanding the distinctions between gender, sex, and sexuality, setting the foundation for a deeper exploration of Two-Spirit identities. Lessons describe the history of Two-Spirit people, highlighting their roles and traditions within Native American and Indigenous cultures, and differentiating these identities from Western LGBTQIA+ concepts.

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